Pandas Tutorial for Beginners: DataFrames, Filtering, and GroupBy
Load a CSV into a DataFrame, clean it, filter rows, add columns, and summarize with groupby, using a…
Category
Python
Practical Python for engineering work. Language fundamentals, tooling, testing, concurrency, data, web APIs, and AI features.
34 articles
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How Do LLMs Work? A Developer’s Guide to Tokens, Context, and Embeddings
An LLM predicts the next token, over and over. Learn tokens, context windows, temperature, and embeddings through small…
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Python Linting and Formatting: Ruff, Black, and flake8 Compared
Linters find bugs and formatters end style debates. Compare Ruff, Black, flake8, isort, and pylint, and copy a…
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How to Profile and Speed Up Python Code: cProfile, py-spy, lru_cache
Find the slow line before you change anything. Use cProfile, line_profiler, and py-spy to locate the hotspot, then…
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SQLAlchemy 2.0 Tutorial: ORM, Sessions, and select()
Build typed ORM models, manage sessions and transactions, query with select(), and count your queries to catch the…
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Python GIL Explained: Threads vs Processes
Run one benchmark and see the GIL for yourself: threads speed up waiting, processes speed up computing. Learn…
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Python asyncio Tutorial: async, await, and Tasks Explained
Learn how the event loop runs coroutines, how tasks and TaskGroup give you concurrency, and how to handle…
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What’s New in Python 3.11: Features, Speed, and Upgrade Notes
Python 3.11 is faster, points at the exact expression that failed, and adds exception groups, TaskGroup, and tomllib.…
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Pytest Tutorial: Python Testing with Fixtures and Parametrize
Go from a first assert to fixtures, parametrized cases, temporary files, environment patching, and coverage, with complete files…
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Python Logging Tutorial: Best Practices and Examples
Nine logging practices ranked by impact, each with a wrong example, a right example, and a way to…
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Python Project Structure and pyproject.toml: A Practical Layout
A layout that works from the first commit: src directory, one pyproject.toml, an installable package, tests, and a…
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Python Type Hints and mypy: A Practical Guide
Type hints document what your code expects, and mypy checks them before anything runs. Learn the syntax, the…
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Python Decorators Explained with Practical Examples
A decorator wraps a function to add behavior such as timing, retries, or caching. Learn how they work,…
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Python Try Except and Context Managers: Error Handling Guide
Catch specific exceptions, keep the original cause with raise from, and let context managers handle cleanup. A practical…